Two months after Eritrea and Ethiopia signed a pact to end their two-year border war, an agreement to move ahead with its implementation has finally been ironed out. The 4,000 UN troops brought here to monitor the truce are preparing for deployment to the contested frontier. Meanwhile, hundreds of t
Two months after Eritrea and Ethiopia signed a pact to end their two-year border war, an agreement to move ahead with its implementation has finally been ironed out. The 4,000 UN troops brought here to monitor the truce are preparing for deployment to the contested frontier. Meanwhile, hundreds of thousands of war-displaced civilians remain in camps behind the lines, waiting to see if the truce will hold.
Throughout the time that the two sides contested the fine print on the peace agreement, hammered out last year with the help of mediators from the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the UN and the US, and signed in Algiers on December 12, Ethiopia refused to withdraw from territory it occupied inside Eritrea. As a result, those who fled their homes during the fighting were unable to return, and the UN peacekeepers were prevented from moving into the area between the two armies. Most displaced civilians are likely to wait months longer before chancing to go back to the disputed areas.
Under the terms of the truce reached last summer, Eritrea agreed to pull back its forces 15 miles from the border—roughly the range of each side's heavy artillery—in order to create a buffer zone. Eritrean forces had already withdrawn in several key areas, either to take more defensible positions or to make a good will gesture (in response to OAU requests). However, Ethiopian forces moved into several of these areas last summer and are trying to occupy others today. They have also allowed Eritrean proxies formerly based inside Ethiopia to operate in the buffer zone. These groups are thought to be responsible for planting anti-tank mines inside western Eritrea, where two civilians were killed last month in a roadside explosion.
Some commentators have derided both sides for bickering over what appear to be minor issues, much as they once characterized the war itself as one fought on "worthless land" over little more than pride. Nothing could be further from the truth. At stake now are the future boundaries of the two countries. Behind the conflict is a contest over power and influence within the region—and over Ethiopian ambitions to gain its own access to the Red Sea. Meanwhile, the longer this impasse continues, the more Eritrea's economy is hurt and the more its people suffer. Many observers in the Eritrean capital of Asmara think that the slow implementation of the truce is an effort by Ethiopia to keep up the economic and social pressure on Eritrea—which is barely one-twentieth the size of Ethiopia.
For two months, Ethiopian and Eritrean negotiators argued over issues ranging from where to locate an air corridor for UN flights—Ethiopia objected to the original plan, saying it passed over sensitive military installations—to the precise positions each country's troops occupied at the outset of the conflict. The latter issue, which goes to the heart of the border dispute, was the one that stymied the UN deployment until recently.
The Algiers peace agreement calls for demarcating the border on the basis of colonial treaties and applicable international law. The Italians established the colony of Eritrea in 1890, but they were defeated by Ethiopian forces when they tried to push southward. Treaties signed then set out the boundaries between the two states. Eritrea bases its claims on these agreements. Ethiopia insisted that changes in the administration of the frontier since then—of which there were many during the 40 years that Ethiopia occupied the strategic Red Sea territory—should be taken into account. Under these circumstances, both sides saw their antebellum troop positions as a likely factor in the outcome of future legal wrangling.
Without Eritrea, Ethiopia is landlocked. After the former colony's independence, Ethiopia traded through the two major Eritrean ports, but once fighting broke out, the country has conducted its external commerce by road and rail via neighboring Djibouti and Sudan. The Ethiopian government's claims in the border dispute reflected its efforts to inch closer to the Eritrean port of Assab, where hundreds of thousands of troops from both countries remain dug into positions less than 50 miles from the sea. As if to underline Assab's importance, several thousand Ethiopians staged demonstrations on January 28 in the capital, Addis Ababa, calling the government too soft on Eritrea. One protest leader, Ethiopian Democratic Party chair Admassu Gebeyehu, termed the peace agreements "a sellout of the vital interests of Ethiopia, including its outlet to the sea."
As many as a half million men and women were engaged in pitched battles that ranged across much of the frontier during the third round of the fighting last May and June. After fierce confrontations in which tens of thousands reportedly perished, Ethiopian forces broke through Eritrean defenses and drove deep into that country's fertile western lowlands. Eritrean forces retreated to positions at the edge of the central highland plateau, where Asmara and most other large towns are situated, and the war ground to a stalemate. During the fighting, an estimated one million Eritreans, nearly a third of the country's population, were displaced. More than 220,000, most of them subsistence farmers, remain in relief camps today, cut off from their homes and their croplands and dependent on international assistance for their survival. The displaced are still waiting for the war as they have lived it to end.
The lack of effective international mediation is further delaying the return of the Eritrean displaced. Peace efforts by the international community—particularly the US—lost momentum after the signing of the Algiers accords in December. The new Bush administration has yet to fill key Africa desks in the State Department and the National Security Council, leaving a vacuum in US Africa policy at a crucial moment in the disengagement process along the Eritrean-Ethiopian border.
Meanwhile, sources in the Sudanese opposition National Democratic Alliance say they expect Gen. Omar Bashir's government to launch an all-out military offensive soon to take advantage of the apparent absence of a clear US Africa policy. After increasing substantially throughout 2000, government bombing in rebel-held areas has intensified further since the start of the year, and thousands of troops are now in place for a new drive to dislodge the rebels in the south.
Bashir's campaign will probably aim to expand government-controlled areas in the country's oil-producing districts, all of which are located in the south, where the rebellion against successive northern governments has been underway since 1983. Rebel leaders charge the regime in Khartoum with systematic ethnic cleansing around the new oil wells, whose steadily rising output is reportedly sustaining the war effort. Military operations are already underway today in rebel-held areas in the Nuba Mountains of central Sudan, and they are expected soon in the strategic Red Sea Hills in the northeastern part of the country, near the border with Eritrea. A stepped-up war in Sudan could generate a new influx of refugees into Eritrea, before that country has begun to recover from its own problems with displaced civilians.
