Abi-Aad, Naji and Michel Grenon. Instability and Conflict in the Middle East: People, Petroleum and Security Threats (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997).

Amanat, Abbas. The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831-1896 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997).

Amnesty International. Saudi Arabia Behind Closed Doors: Unfair Trials in Saudi Arabia (London, November 1997).

Anscombe, Frederick. The Ottoman Gulf: The Creation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Qatar (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997).

Barkey, Henri, ed. Reluctant Neighbor: Turkey’s Role in the Middle East (Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1997).